To find f(5) you just replace "x" with "5" in the formula:

That should be easy. You shouldn't even need a calculator.
The second problem asks you to solve an equation:

so add 1 to both sides:

, and then divide both sides by 4:

. Now, for what angles is cosine equal to 1/2?
For

start by subtracting 50 from both sides of the equation.
I'm not clear on your last question:
"f(40) -- I'm supposed to identify where the sinusoidal graph has a value of 40 at 4 different points."
Are you to evaluate f(40), which has a single value, or are you to find 4 different solutions of f(t)= 40?